Birefringence, explained by RP Photonics Encyclopedia ...
The equation shows that for θ → 0 (i.e., propagation along the optical axis) we obtain n → n o, and the observed birefringence vanishes: one obtains n o for any polarization direction.. One distinguishes positive and negative uniaxial crystals; in the former case, the extraordinary index is higher than the ordinary index.. For biaxial crystals (examples: mica, CaTiO 3 = perovskite, LiB 3 ...
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